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Sabermetrics, developed in the late 1970s, uses large amounts of data to uncover patterns that traditional statistics often miss and evaluates players based on how often they successfully reach base rather than on power hitting alone. Its effectiveness became widely recognized when the Oakland Athletics adopted it in 2002 and built a competitive team despite limited financial resources. This success encouraged other teams and even athletes in different sports to make greater use of data analysis. As a result, sports analytics became an important tool for predicting outcomes and improving performance. Many professional sports teams also invest heavily in building larger stadiums and expanding fan facilities to increase ticket revenue. However, some aspects of sports, such as team chemistry and human unpredictability, remain difficult to measure accurately. Nevertheless, sports analytics continues to enhance the quality of play across various sports.

When the Oakland Athletics, a Major League Baseball team, won 20 games in a row in 2002, the professional sports industry was shocked. The Oakland Athletics were a small team with limited funds, which made it difficult for them to attract elite players. How did they do it? The key to their success was adopting sabermetrics, a statistical model used for making decisions in baseball. Sabermetrics was created in the late 1970s. It tries to use large amounts of information to discover patterns, trends, and insights that are difficult to find with traditional ways of studying statistics. Normally, coaches and managers prefer players who can hit the ball hard and far, for such players tend to hit more home runs and extra-base hits. Sabermetrics suggests that players’ offensive skills can be better measured by the frequency with which they safely reach base. It does not matter whether this is achieved through hits, walks, or hits by pitch. Sabermetrics had not been widely used until the Athletics adopted it in With sabermetrics, the Athletics were able to identify underrated players with significant contributions to winning and built a strong team on a small budget. The success of the Athletics prompted other teams to quickly adopt sabermetrics, sparking a movement to utilize data not only in baseball but also in other sports. Thus, sports data analytics emerged as a systematic approach to predict game outcomes. In soccer, the Liverpool Football Club of the English Premier League is similar to the Oakland Athletics in baseball. In 2010, Liverpool underwent a change in ownership. While data analysis was already prevailing in the Premier League at that time, the new owner of the club, who also owned a baseball team in the United States, aimed to push data analysis in soccer to new heights. So he demanded that the club form a new data team. The new team included a physicist from Cambridge, a nuclear scientist from Harvard, and a former chess champion.

One notable example of success is the Korean women's curling team. Following its debut at the 2014 Winter Olympics, the team realized the need to improve its sweeping technique. Sweeping melts the ice and allows the stone to move faster. If (A) ice melts, the stone stops before reaching the target. On the other hand, if the ice melts excessively, the stone moves too fast and misses the target. Since the amount of melting depends on sweeping speed and pressure, maintaining the right balance between the two is essential. Applying too much pressure (B) sweeping speed, while focusing only on speed makes it difficult to apply enough force to the broom. To identify the most effective technique, the team developed a device with infrared cameras and sensors to collect and analyze foot-pressure values and other data. The data showed that faster sweeping raised the ice-surface temperature more effectively than stronger sweeping. As a result, the team concluded that speed was more (C) than strength for sweeping.

Sweeping melts the ice and makes the stone move faster. If too much ice melts, however, the stone moves too fast and misses the target. On the other hand, if not enough ice melts, the stone stops before reaching the target. The amount of ice melting depends on the sweeping speed and pressure. Applying too much pressure slows down the sweeping speed, and focusing only on speed makes it hard to transfer enough force to the broom. Finding the right balance between speed and pressure is important to melt the right amount of ice. To identify the most effective technique, the Korean team designed a sweeping measurement device. The device consisted of infrared cameras and sensors attached to the players’ bodies, shoes, and brooms. Through the device and motion-capture screens, foot pressure values and other data were obtained for analysis. After monitoring changes in the temperature of the ice surface, the team concluded that speed was more economical than strength for sweeping.

In 2010, Liverpool underwent a change in ownership. While data analysis was already prevailing in the Premier League at that time, the new owner of the club, who also owned a baseball team in the United States, aimed to push data analysis in soccer to new heights. (A) The team started to apply data analysis in key areas of club management, including player recruitment, injury prevention, and strategy during the game. The team analyzed data to recruit suitable players and, in training, used GPS trackers and sensors to prevent injuries. (B) So he demanded that the club form a new data team. The new team included a physicist from Cambridge, a nuclear scientist from Harvard, and a former chess champion. What they had in common was significant expertise in data. (C) During games, they used live data to make tactical decisions such as substitutions and formations. The data team was praised for its efforts when the Liverpool Football Club won the league championship for the first time in 30 years in 2020.

With sabermetrics, the Athletics were able to identify underrated players with significant contributions to winning and built a strong team on a small budget. The success of the Athletics prompted other teams to quickly adopt sabermetrics, sparking a movement to utilize data not only in baseball but also in other sports. Thus, sports data analytics emerged as a systematic approach to predict game outcomes. In soccer, the Liverpool Football Club of the English Premier League is similar to the Oakland Athletics in baseball. In 2010, Liverpool underwent a change in ownership. While data analysis was already prevailing in the Premier League at that time, the new owner of the club, who also owned a baseball team in the United States, aimed to push data analysis in soccer to new heights. So he demanded that the club form a new data team. The new team included a physicist from Cambridge, a nuclear scientist from Harvard, and a former chess champion. What they had in common was significant expertise in data. The team started to apply data analysis in key areas of club management, including player recruitment, injury prevention, and strategy during the game. The team analyzed large amounts of data to recruit players who fit the team’s style of play. In training, they collected data on players’ movement patterns, heart rates, and vital signs by using GPS trackers and sensors to prevent injuries. During games, they used live data to make tactical decisions such as substitutions and formations. The data team was praised for its efforts when the Liverpool Football Club won the league championship for the first time in 30 years in 2020 The emergence of sports analytics did not go unnoticed by the Korean sports industry. One notable example of success is the Korean women’s curling team. Following its debut at the Winter Olympic Games of 2014, the team recognized the need to enhance its sweeping technique.

King Jeongjo carefully recorded every aspect of the construction of Hwaseong Fortress. These detailed records later played a critical role in restoring the fortress after it had been damaged during wartime. They also helped UNESCO evaluate the site for World Heritage status. Initially, the people at UNESCO hesitated to recognize Hwaseong Fortress as the real deal because they were not fully convinced that the restored structure accurately reflected its original form. However, after examining historical documents and comparing them with the reconstructed fortress, they concluded that it faithfully preserved its ▢ .

In King Jeongjo’s mind were big plans for Hwaseong. He wanted it to be a self-sufficient city with a strong military, farming, and trade as he hoped to make it the new capital, away from all the political chaos in Hanyang. So King Jeongjo gathered the best talents, such as Jeong Yakyong, and let them bring together the finest architectural techniques of his time from both the East and the West to build Hwaseong Fortress. There’s more to King Jeongjo’s story. He treated his people well during the construction of the fortress. They received fair wages and breaks during bad weather and were even paid when they were sick, something that was unheard of at that time. Back then, ordinary people were typically required to work on public projects without getting paid. Once people got wind of King Jeongjo’s plan, workers from all over the country came together in a rush. So, in under three years was the project finished, though it was initially thought to take about 10 years. Impressive, right? Let’s go back to the procession. The procession wasn’t just some fancy show for ordinary people. It was actually a way for them to get up close and personal with the king. King Jeongjo set up a chance during the procession for common people to meet him and to share their concerns. This was a big deal, especially for those who couldn’t read or write. They didn’t have any other way to tell the king what was on their minds, so this was a direct line to him. And here’s the cherry on top: through the rocession, King Jeongjo made government more accessible. During that time, the government used to hold exams to hire officials every three years. So, there weren’t many chances available.

WORKERS WANTED — Join the Hwaseong Fortress Construction Project Seeking workers to help build a new fortress city! Construction Begins: January 1794 Expected Duration: About 10 Years Benefits: Wages provided during illness / Paid breaks during bad weather / Fair wages for all workers Notes: Applicants from all regions are welcome. The project will combine the finest architectural techniques from both the East and the West. Renowned scholar Jeong Yakyong will contribute to the design and construction of the fortress. No advance registration is necessary. Simply visit the construction office and apply today!

So, in under three years was the project finished, though it was initially thought to take about 10 years. Impressive, right? Let’s go back to the procession. The procession wasn’t just some fancy show for ordinary people. It was actually a way for them to get up close and personal with the king. King Jeongjo set up a chance during the procession for common people to meet him and to share their concerns. This was a big deal, especially for those who couldn’t read or write. They didn’t have any other way to tell the king what was on their minds, so this was a direct line to him. And here’s the cherry on top: through the rocession, King Jeongjo made government more accessible. During that time, the government used to hold exams to hire officials every three years. So, there weren’t many chances available.

Let me introduce you a fascinating piece of Korean history. On February 9, 1795, something remarkable happened in front of Changdeokgung Palace, where King Jeongjo lived in. A large crowd gathered to witness a special procession that is still remembered in Korea today. Alongside the king and his mother marched more than 2,000 soldiers, hundreds of horse riders, and many officials. When they crossed a bridge (made of 36 boats on the Hangang River), it must be a spectacular sight for ordinary people. Why did all of this happen? The event took place around his mother's sixtieth birthday, and he was also planning to hold a memorial service to honor his late father, his tomb was near Hwaseong Haenggung. By combining the two events, he showed how much family meant to him. King Jeongjo was also making a statement about the Joseon Dynasty's strength. Dressed up like a military leader, he was wearing armor and sitting on a horse with his soldiers are marching in perfect order. It was a way of saying, "We're ready to protect our land." He was serious about making the Joseon Dynasty a powerful and successful kingdom. The procession wasn't just some fancy show. To make the government more accessible, King Jeongjo suggested that additional exams be held during the procession. Before these changes, people had been given very limited opportunities to become officials since examinations were held only once every three years. This innovative policy gave more people a chance to enter government service and helped create a more diverse administration.

Hey there! Let me introduce you to a fascinating piece of Korean history. Back on February 9, 1795, something remarkable happened in front of Changdeokgung Palace, where King Jeongjo lived. There was quite a crowd gathered there to witness a very special procession that’s still talked about in Korea today. Now, imagine this: more than 2,000 soldiers, hundreds of horse riders, and lots of important officials, all marching alongside the king and his mother with 50 musicians playing traditional instruments. When they crossed a bridge made of 36 boats on the Hangang River, you can imagine how that turned heads! That must have been something ordinary people rarely saw. Talk about a big event! This was not just about putting on a show. No, it was serious business. Lasting four days and covering 68 kilometers, the procession moved alongside the king and his mother as they made a round trip to Hwaseong Haenggung. Why did all of this happen? The first thing King Jeongjo had in mind was to show respect to his family. It happened around his mother’s sixtieth birthday. Back in the Joseon Dynasty, just like today, turning 60 years old had a special meaning. And his father’s tomb was near Hwaseong Haenggung. He was planning to hold a memorial service to honor his late father. By combining the two events, he was telling everyone how much family meant to him. But wait. There’s more. King Jeongjo was also making a statement about the Joseon Dynasty’s strength. He dressed up like a military leader, wearing armor and sitting on a horse with his soldiers marching in perfect order. It was a way of saying, “We’re ready to protect our land.” He was really serious about making the Joseon Dynasty a powerful and successful kingdom. Now, here’s the twist: the procession also had something to do with Hwaseong Fortress, which was being built.

The writer and zoologist Desmond Morris observed that our feet communicate exactly what we think and feel more honestly than any other part of our bodies. Why are the feet and legs such accurate reflectors of our sentiments? For millions of years, long before humans spoke, our legs and feet reacted to environmental threats (e.g., hot sand, ill-tempered lions) instantaneously, without the need for conscious thought. Our limbic brains made sure that our feet and legs reacted as needed by either ceasing motion, running away, or kicking at a potential threat. This survival regimen, retained from our ancestral heritage, has served us well and continues to do so today. In fact, these age-old reactions are still so hardwired in us that when we are presented with something dangerous or even disagreeable, our feet and legs still react as they did in prehistoric times.

The writer and zoologist Desmond Morris observed that our feet communicate exactly what we think and feel more honestly than any other part of our bodies. Why are the feet and legs such accurate reflectors of our sentiments? For millions of years, long before humans spoke, our legs and feet reacted to environmental threats (e.g., hot sand, ill‐ tempered lions) instantaneously, without the need for conscious thought. Our limbic brains made sure that our feet and legs reacted as needed by either ceasing motion, running away, or kicking at a potential threat. This survival regimen, retained from our ancestral heritage, has served us well and continues to do so today. In fact, these age‐old reactions are still so hardwired in us that when we are presented with something dangerous or even disagreeable, our feet and legs still react as they did in prehistoric times.

The word "migration" is almost always reported in the popular media and even in scientific literature as a problem or a crisis. For example, migrants are assumed to overcrowd cities, clog up labor markets, and increase poverty. The other questionable assumption is that most migration is involuntary — people fleeing natural or man-made disasters. The reality, however, is more complex, and many migrants are simply seeking greater economic opportunity. Of course migration can and does create social and economic problems. But migration can also be a solution for many preexisting problems. For example, out-migration generally redistributes workers from places of labor surplus to areas where there is greater demand or more opportunity. Migration is generally selective of persons who are younger, healthier, more flexible, and more willing to endure hardship in hopes of a better life relative to their prospects in their places of origin. Most research that examines long-term outcomes of migration, including remittances and intergenerational mobility, finds positive "long-term" effects on places of origin and destination.

The word “migration” is almost always reported in the popular media and even in scientific literature as a problem or a crisis. For example, migrants are assumed to overcrowd cities, clog up labor markets, and increase poverty. The other questionable assumption is that most migration is involuntary — people fleeing natural or man‐made disasters. The reality, however, is more complex, and many migrants are simply seeking greater economic opportunity. Of course migration can and does create social and economic problems. But migration can also be a solution for many preexisting problems. For example, out‐migration generally redistributes workers from places of labor surplus to areas where there is greater demand or more opportunity. Migration is generally selective of persons who are younger, healthier, more flexible, and more willing to endure hardship in hopes of a better life relative to their prospects in their places of origin. Most research that examines long‐term outcomes of migration, including remittances and intergenerational mobility, finds positive “long‐term” effects on places of origin and destination.

A reason for a conclusion is very unlikely to consist in a single claim. No matter how we might state it in short-hand, it is, analytically, a complex interaction of many ideas and implications. The reason must be broken down into a chain of more precise premises. For example, the claim that 'university education should be free for all Australians' might be supported by the reason that 'the economy benefits from a well-educated Australian population'. But is our analysis of the situation clearly expressed in just one statement? Hardly. The conclusion is about universities and free education, while the reason introduces some new ideas: economic benefit and a well-educated population. While the link between these two ideas and the conclusion might seem obvious, the purpose of reasoning is to avoid assuming the 'obvious' by carefully working through the connections between the various ideas in the initial statement of our reason.

A reason for a conclusion is very unlikely to consist in a single claim. No matter how we might state it in short‐ hand, it is, analytically, a complex interaction of many ideas and implications. The reason must be broken down into a chain of more precise premises. For example, the claim that ‘university education should be free for all Australians’ might be supported by the reason that ‘the economy benefits from a well‐educated Australian population’. But is our analysis of the situation clearly expressed in just one statement? Hardly. The conclusion is about universities and free education, while the reason introduces some new ideas: economic benefit and a well‐ educated population. While the link between these two ideas and the conclusion might seem obvious, the purpose of reasoning is to avoid assuming the ‘obvious’ by carefully working through the connections between the various ideas in the initial statement of our reason.

Sensory organs are the only channels of communication between the brain and the outside world. Simply put, the brain is not designed to sense on its own. For instance, an exposed brain would neither sense light shining on it nor feel something touching it. In fact, patients are often kept awake during brain surgery, which can help a surgeon isolate specific regions of the brain. The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle recognized this characteristic of the brain over 2,000 years ago when he said, "Nothing is in the mind that does not pass through the senses." This concept can be seen clearly when volunteers are blind-folded and placed in the warm water of a sensory deprivation tank. They soon experience visual, auditory, and tactile (touch) hallucinations, as well as incoherent thought patterns. From these experiments and others, it is apparent that we need constant input from our senses to carry out functions that give us personality and intellect.

Sensory organs are the only channels of communication between the brain and the outside world. Simply put, the brain is not designed to sense on its own. For instance, an exposed brain would neither sense light shining on it nor feel something touching it. In fact, patients are often kept awake during brain surgery, which can help a surgeon isolate specific regions of the brain. The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle recognized this characteristic of the brain over 2,000 years ago when he said, “Nothing is in the mind that does not pass through the senses.” This concept can be seen clearly when volunteers are blind‐ folded and placed in the warm water of a sensory deprivation tank. They soon experience visual, auditory, and tactile (touch) hallucinations, as well as incoherent thought patterns. From these experiments and others, it is apparent that we need constant input from our senses to carry out functions that give us personality and intellect.

Would you rather receive $1,000 in a year or $1,100 in a year and a month? Most people will opt for the larger sum in thirteen months — where else will you find a monthly interest rate of 10 percent. A wise choice, since the interest will compensate you generously for any risks you face by waiting the extra few weeks. Second question: Would you prefer $1,000 today cash on the table or $1,100 in a month? If you think like most people, you'll take the $1,000 right away. This is amazing. In both cases, if you hold out for just a month longer, you get $100 more. For example, depositing $100 in a savings account may earn only a few dollars in interest over the course of a year, depending on prevailing market rates. In the first case, it seems simple enough because you think, "I've already waited twelve months; what's one more?", but not in the second case. The introduction of "now" causes us to make inconsistent decisions, a phenomenon known in science as hyperbolic discounting. The closer a reward is, the higher our "emotional interest rate" rises and the more we are willing to give up in exchange for it.

Would you rather receive $1,000 in a year or $1,100 in a year and a month? Most people will opt for the larger sum in thirteen months — where else will you find a monthly interest rate of 10 percent. A wise choice, since the interest will compensate you generously for any risks you face by waiting the extra few weeks. Second question: Would you prefer $1,000 today cash on the table or $1,100 in a month? If you think like most people, you’ll take the $1,000 right away. This is amazing. In both cases, if you hold out for just a month longer, you get $100 more. In the first case, it’s simple enough. You figure: “I’ve already waited twelve months; what’s one more?” Not in the second case. The introduction of “now” causes us to make inconsistent decisions. Science calls this phenomenon hyperbolic discounting. The closer a reward is, the higher our “emotional interest rate” rises and the more we are willing to give up in exchange for it.

The renowned British philosopher Alfred North Whitehead argued that civilization progresses by increasing the number of tasks that people can carry out automatically, without conscious thought. A good example of such advance can be found in the use of discount coupons, which lead consumers to assume that they expect a lower price simply by presenting them at the time of purchase. The extent to which we have learned to operate mechanically on that assumption is illustrated in the experience of one automobile-tire company. Mailed-out coupons that — because of a printing error — offered no savings to recipients produced just as much customer response as did error-free coupons that offered substantial savings. The obvious but instructive point here is that we expect discount coupons to do double duty. We expect them not only to lower our expenses but also to eliminate the need to invest time and mental energy figuring out how to save money. To reduce everyday expenses, it is important to make a habit of using discount coupons in everyday life and to cultivate the habit of saving money. In today's world, we need the first advantage to handle pocketbook strain; but we need the second advantage to handle something potentially more important: brain strain.

The renowned British philosopher Alfred North Whitehead asserted that "civilization advances by extending the number of operations we can perform without thinking about them." Take, for example, the "advance" offered to civilization by the discount coupon, which allows consumers to assume that they will receive a reduced purchase price by presenting the coupon. The extent to which we have learned to operate mechanically on that assumption is illustrated in the experience of one automobile- tire company. Mailed-out coupons that— because of a printing error—offered no savings to recipients produced just as much customer response as did error-free coupons that offered substantial savings. The obvious but instructive point here is that we expect discount coupons to do double duty. Not only do we expect them to save us money, we also expect them to save us the time and mental energy required to think about how to do it. In today's world, we need the first advantage to handle pocketbook strain; but we need the second advantage to handle something potentially more important—brain strain.

We collect stamps, coins, vintage cars even when they serve no practical purpose. The post office doesn't accept the old stamps, the banks don't take old coins, and the vintage cars are no longer allowed on the road. These are all side issues; the attraction is that they are in short supply. In one study, students were asked to arrange ten posters in order of attractiveness — with the agreement that afterward they could keep one poster as a reward for their participation. Five minutes later, they were told that the poster with the third highest rating was no longer available. Then they were asked to judge all ten from scratch. The poster that was no longer available was suddenly classified as the most beautiful. In psychology, this phenomenon is called reactance: when we are deprived of an option, we suddenly deem it more attractive.

We collect stamps, coins, vintage cars even when they serve no practical purpose. The post office doesn't accept the old stamps, the banks don't take old coins, and the vintage cars are no longer allowed on the road. These are all side issues; the attraction is that they are in short supply. In one study, students were asked to arrange ten posters in order of attractiveness ― with the agreement that afterward they could keep one poster as a reward for their participation. Five minutes later, they were told that the poster with the third highest rating was no longer available. Then they were asked to judge all ten from scratch. The poster that was no longer available was suddenly classified as the most beautiful. In psychology, this phenomenon is called reactance: when we are deprived of an option, we suddenly deem it more attractive.

The transition from an oral culture, in which knowledge handed down through stories, songs, and apprenticeships, to a literate one, based on the written word, was held back for centuries by the lack of suitable writing material. Stone tablets were used to writing messages, but they were prone to fracture and were bulky and heavy to transport. Wood suffers from splitting and is vulnerable to decay. Wall paintings are static and space is limited. The invention of paper, which is said to be one of the four great inventions of the Chinese, solved these problems, but it wasn't until the Romans replaced the scroll with the codex — or, as we call it now, the book — that the material reached its full potential. Despite its origins dated back two thousand years, it continues to be a dominant form of the written word. That paper, a much softer material than either stone or wood, won out as the guardian of the written word is a remarkable materials story.

The transition from an oral culture, in which knowledge was handed down through stories, songs, and apprenticeships, to a literate one, based on the written word, was held back for centuries by the lack of suitable writing material. Stone and clay tablets were used, but they were prone to fracture and were bulky and heavy to transport. Wood suffers from splitting and is susceptible to decay. Wall paintings are static and space is limited. The invention of paper, said to be one of the four great inventions of the Chinese, solved these problems, but it wasn’t until the Romans replaced the scroll with the codex — or, as we call it now, the book — that the material reached its full potential. That was two thousand years ago, and it is still a dominant form of the written word. That paper, a much softer material than either stone or wood, won out as the guardian of the written word is a remarkable materials story.

Because there have been longstanding concerns about the impact of violent video games on youth, much research has been conducted over the last couple of decades on the topic. While measuring and documenting the impact of video game violence, scientists have formulated credible explanations of how video gaming could affect empathy. Part of a normal, healthy reaction to witnessing violent events is to feel negative emotions, and experiences physiological arousal that is connected to fear or disgust. With repeated exposure to violent events — such as that might happen when a person plays violent video games — this normal reaction might become blunted, a phenomenon known as desensitization. The next step in this problematic process would be having diminished emotional responses to violence, which could also be interfered with the ability to recognize and/or to sympathize with others, leading to reduced empathy. A significant body of work shows an association between extensive violent video gaming and reduced empathy in people.

Video gaming is one of the most studied technologies with regard to empathy. Because there have been longstanding concerns about the impact of violent video games on youth, much research has been conducted over the last couple of decades on the topic. While measuring and documenting the impact of video game violence, scientists have formulated credible explanations of how video gaming could affect empathy. Part of a normal, healthy reaction to witnessing violent events is to feel negative emotions, and to experience physiological arousal that is connected to fear or disgust. With repeated exposure to violent events—such as what might happen when a person plays violent video games— this normal reaction might become blunted, a phenomenon known as desensitization. The next step in this problematic process would be having diminished emotional responses to violence, which could also interfere with the ability to recognize and/or to sympathize with others, leading to reduced empathy. A significant body of work shows an association between extensive violent video gaming and reduced empathy in people.

Low oil prices are a good thing, because it means lower energy costs of production for the majority of industries, not least the automobile and the logistics industries. Firms directly benefit from the decrease in their costs of production and provision of services. This has the effect of enhancing the aggregate supply and provides a stimulus for growth. Conversely, a sudden rise in oil prices due to a shrink in oil production is never good news, even though it definitely hampers the growth of the energy sector. In other words, a sharp increase in oil prices may adversely affect other industries, as the resulting rise in various costs and decline in sales can significantly erode their profits. A look through the history of oil price fluctuations proves this notion, as this has been the subject of much economic research. Following an oil price jump of 10 per cent due to a tightening in supply, an economy (as typified by the US economy) typically sees its output (GDP) slowed by close to 1 percentage point. For a $15 trillion economy, that is a loss of $150 billion in potential wealth or economic growth. Conversely, oil price reductions stemming from supply surpluses have generated little concern.

Low oil prices are a good thing, because it means lower energy costs of production for the majority of industries, not least the automobile and the logistics industries. Firms directly benefit from the decrease in their costs of production and provision of services. This has the effect of stimulating the aggregate supply and confirms a stimulus for growth. Conversely, a sudden rise in oil prices due to a shrink in oil production is never good news, even though it definitely gives a big boost to the energy sector. A look through the history of oil price fluctuations proves this notion, as this has been the subject of much economic research. Following an oil price jump of 10 per cent due to a contraction in supply, an economy (as typified by the US economy) typically sees its output (GDP) slowed by close to 1 percentage point. For a $15 trillion economy, that is a loss of $150 billion in potential wealth or economic growth. Conversely, there has never been much concern with oil price decreases following an excess in its supply.

The effects of this reorganization became visible in the plant's overall pattern of growth. The genomics revolution made it possible to see just how impactful touch is to plants on a deeper level. Peering at the genes of Arabidopsis thaliana, a weedy plant in the mustard family and the lab rat of the plant biology world, researchers saw that touch quietly triggered such a dramatic response in their hormones and gene expression that it could substantially inhibit their growth. They stroked the arabidopsis with soft paintbrushes, and then analyzed the plants' genetic responses. ( ) Within thirty minutes of being touched, 10 percent of the plant's genome was altered. ( ) For a stimulus as subtle as a light touch, such a response represented an astonishing level of biological activity. ( ) The scale of the response suggested that touch was being interpreted as more than a minor environmental event. ( ) Indeed, the plant was shifting its priorities to deal with the disturbance, and rerouting energy away from the hard work of getting taller. ( ) Repeatedly touched arabidopsis cut its upward growth rate by as much as 30 percent.

The genomics revolution made it possible to see just how impactful touch is to plants on a deeper level. Peering at the genes of Arabidopsis thaliana, a weedy plant in the mustard family and the lab rat of the plant biology world, researchers saw that touch quietly triggered such a dramatic response in their hormones and gene expression that it could substantially inhibit their growth. They stroked the arabidopsis with soft paintbrushes, and then analyzed the plants' genetic responses. Within thirty minutes of being touched, 10 percent of the plant's genome was altered. Clearly, the plant was reorganizing its priorities to deal with the disturbance, and rerouting energy away from the hard work of getting taller. Touched multiple times, arabidopsis cut its upward growth rate by as much as 30 percent.

Brains are expensive in terms of energy. Twenty percent of the calories we consume are used to power the brain. So brains try to operate in the most energy-efficient way possible, and that means processing only the minimum amount of information from our senses that we need to navigate the world. Neuroscientists weren't the first to discover that fixing your gaze on something is no guarantee of seeing it. Magicians figured this out long ago. By directing your attention, they perform tricks with their hands in full view. Their actions should give away the game, but they can rest assured that your brain processes only small bits of the visual scene. What we perceive ▢ . This all helps to explain the prevalence of traffic accidents in which drivers hit pedestrians in plain view, or collide with cars directly in front of them. In many of these cases, the eyes are pointed in the right direction, but the brain isn't seeing what's really out there.

Brains are expensive in terms of energy. Twenty percent of the calories we consume are used to power the brain. So brains try to operate in the most energy-efficient way possible, and that means processing only the minimum amount of information from our senses that we need to navigate the world. Neuroscientists weren't the first to discover that fixing your gaze on something is no guarantee of seeing it. Magicians figured this out long ago. By directing your attention, they perform tricks with their hands in full view. Their actions should give away the game, but they can rest assured that your brain processes only small bits of the visual scene. This all helps to explain the prevalence of traffic accidents in which drivers hit pedestrians in plain view, or collide with cars directly in front of them. In many of these cases, the eyes are pointed in the right direction, but the brain isn't seeing what's really out there.

The process we go through when we look at a work of art to determine if we recognize and can make sense of its content is not just a visual one. It is a mental process as well, largely based on the elements within and about the work we can identify and categorize. As we look and think, we may be given clues about what the work means by where it is, when it was made, what culture it came from, who created it, or why it was made. Any information we can gather helps us understand the work's context—that is, the historical, social, personal, political, or scientific reasons why the work of art was created. And then, when appreciating a work of art, we ▢ .

The process we go through when we look at a work of art to determine if we recognize and can make sense of its content is not just a visual one. It is a mental process as well, largely based on the elements within and about the work we can identify and categorize. As we look and think, we may be given clues about what the work means by where it is, when it was made, what culture it came from, who created it, or why it was made. Any information we can gather helps us understand the work's context, that is, for what historical, social, personal, political, or scientific reasons the work of art was made. And then, using all the contextual information we have gathered, we interpret the work of art's content to discover what it means or symbolizes.

Financial markets do more than take capital from the rich and lend it to everyone else. They enable each of us to smooth consumption over our lifetimes, which is a fancy way of saying that we don't have to spend income at the same time we earn it. Shakespeare may have admonished us to be neither borrowers nor lenders; the fact is that most of us will be both at some point. If we lived in an agrarian society, we would have to eat our crops reasonably soon after the harvest or find some way to store them. Financial markets are a more sophisticated way of managing the harvest . We can spend income now that we have not yet earned — as by borrowing for college or a home — or we can earn income now and spend it later, as by saving for retirement. The important point is that earning income has been divorced from spending it, allowing us much more flexibility in life.

Financial markets do more than take capital from the rich and lend it to everyone else. They enable each of us to smooth consumption over our lifetimes, which is a fancy way of saying that we don't have to spend income at the same time we earn it. Shakespeare may have admonished us to be neither borrowers nor lenders; the fact is that most of us will be both at some point. If we lived in an agrarian society, we would have to eat our crops reasonably soon after the harvest or find some way to store them. Financial markets are a more sophisticated way of managing the harvest. We can spend income now that we have not yet earned ― as by borrowing for college or a home ― or we can earn income now and spend it later, as by saving for retirement. The important point is that earning income has been divorced from spending it, allowing us much more flexibility in life.

For most animals the struggle to survive takes up all their time. Finding food and drink, keeping warm and clean, avoiding predators, migrating and reproducing use up all their energies. If they do have any time to spare, they spend it resting or sleeping. Only very young animals, under the protection of their parents, have enough surplus energy to engage in lively bouts of play. This was also true for our early ancestors. The constant search for food would have put heavy demands upon them. But as they slowly evolved into more and more efficient hunters, the situation changed. The secret of their success was the development of much greater intelligence. They used brain not brawn to kill their prey. At the end of the long hunting era, before they turned to farming, they were already enjoying some degree of affluence. In certain regions, at particular times of year, the prey was sufficiently plentiful and their hunting techniques sufficiently advanced for them to experience a remarkable degree of prosperity. They had time on their hands.

For most animals the struggle to survive takes up all their time. Finding food and drink, keeping warm and clean, avoiding predators, migrating and reproducing use up all their energies. If they do have any time to spare, they spend it resting or sleeping. Only very young animals, under the protection of their parents, have enough surplus energy to engage in lively bouts of play. This was also true for our early ancestors. The constant search for food would have put heavy demands upon them. But as they slowly evolved into more and more efficient hunters, the situation changed. The secret of their success was the development of much greater intelligence. They used brain not brawn to kill their prey. At the end of the long hunting era, before they turned to farming, they were already enjoying some degree of affluence. In certain regions, at particular times of year, the prey was sufficiently plentiful and their hunting techniques sufficiently advanced for them to experience a remarkable degree of prosperity. They had time on their hands.

Realising the benefits of differentiation, some brands broadcast their social purpose before they do much actual good. Their marketers are using social purpose to boost the brand's reputation, rather than embracing the purpose itself. Making a real difference with social problems is hard enough; to succeed, it has to follow from an authentic, company-wide commitment to the purpose. Otherwise the mission is just window-dressing, or what we call "purpose-washing" — similar to green-washing, where purpose-driven activities serve mainly for publicity purposes. We end up with what Anand Giridhardas describes in Winners Take All: "social purpose that just furthers the charade of elites disrupting the old order without giving much back". Purpose-washing brands gain one of the benefits of social purpose, differentiation, but only for a short while. They lose out on positioning for future markets, and they might even make employees feel worse about working for them.

Realising the benefits of differentiation, some brands broadcast their social purpose before they do much actual good. Their marketers are using social purpose to boost the brand's reputation, rather than embracing the purpose itself. Making a real difference with social problems is hard enough; to succeed, it has to follow from an authentic, company-wide commitment to the purpose. Otherwise the mission is just window-dressing, or what we call "purpose- washing"—similar to green-washing, where purpose-driven activities serve mainly for publicity purposes. We end up with what Anand Giridhardas describes in Winners Take All: "social purpose that just furthers the charade of elites disrupting the old order without giving much back". Purpose-washing brands gain one of the benefits of social purpose, differentiation, but only for a short while. They lose out on positioning for future markets, and they might even make employees feel worse about working for them.

Of central importance for understanding the development of handedness is the answer to the question of when in development it is actually determined whether a child will be left-handed or right-handed. (A) However, this assumption is incorrect. In fact, scientific studies show that left-handedness is established in many children long before elementary school — interestingly, even before birth in most people. (B) It was long thought that handedness could only be reliably determined in elementary school, when a child learns to write. (C) In such studies, the hand and arm movements of unborn children in the womb are recorded using ultrasound images. Using this technique, it was shown that a clear preference for the movement of the right arm exists as early as 10 weeks after fertilization. (D) In this study, ultrasound images of 72 unborn children 10 weeks after fertilization were evaluated and 85% showed more movements of the right arm than the left. This number is already very close to the approximately 89.4% right-handers among adults.

Of central importance for understanding the development of handedness is the answer to the question of when in development it is actually determined whether a child will be left‐handed or right‐handed. It was long thought that handedness could only be reliably determined in elementary school, when a child learns to write. However, this assumption is incorrect. In fact, scientific studies show that left‐handedness is established in many children long before elementary school — interestingly, even before birth in most people. In such studies, the hand and arm movements of unborn children in the womb are recorded using ultrasound images. Using this technique, it was shown that a clear preference for the movement of the right arm exists as early as 10 weeks after fertilization. In this study, ultrasound images of 72 unborn children 10 weeks after fertilization were evaluated and 85% showed more movements of the right arm than the left. This number is already very close to the approximately 89.4% right‐handers among adults.

In art, there are a number of ways to use perspective to obtain the illusion of depth, including using colors and graduated values of black and white, and accurately drawing the subject by applying the rules of the geometric system of perspective. (A) As you view them and place their shapes and forms on a drawing surface, try to represent that depth to make the objects appear realistic and three-dimensional. Objects appear differently when viewed from various positions. (B) In order to achieve perspective, you must make a number of observations. The forms or objects that you draw on a flat surface actually have depth and dimension in real life. (C) Because of this, it's important to establish the viewpoint, and stick with it. When observing a subject, you see depth and three dimensions. When you draw this subject onto a flat surface as it appears to the eye, you are drawing in perspective.

In art, there are a number of ways to use perspective to obtain the illusion of depth, including using colors and graduated values of black and white, and accurately drawing the subject by applying the rules of the geometric system of perspective. In order to achieve perspective, you must make a number of observations. The forms or objects that you draw on a flat surface actually have depth and dimension in real life. As you view them and place their shapes and forms on a drawing surface, try to represent that depth to make the objects appear realistic and three‐ dimensional. Objects appear differently when viewed from various positions. Because of this, it’s important to establish the viewpoint, and stick with it. When observing a subject, you see depth and three dimensions. When you draw this subject onto a flat surface as it appears to the eye, you are drawing in perspective.