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Most entrepreneurs put in tremendous amounts of time and effort in creating and launching new products and services and then make the mistake of overpricing them. They have created something they care deeply about, it's theirs, and this powerful sense of ownership distorts their perception of value which causes them to overprice their products. While many of them are quick to realize that their initial prices are too high, not all these people are happy or willing to drop their prices to make their products more attractive. And this can be a very costly mistake that may lead to the failure of their new business. When you launch a new product or service, your priority should be to get sufficient market adoption as soon as possible and you should be ready to sacrifice your initial prices and profits to achieve this aim. Once you have strong sales volumes, you can increase your prices to maximize your profits.

Most entrepreneurs put in tremendous amounts of time and effort in creating and launching new products and services and then make the mistake of overpricing them. They have created something they care deeply about, it’s theirs, and this powerful sense of ownership distorts their perception of value which causes them to overprice their products. While many of them are quick to realize that their initial prices are too high, not all these people are happy or willing to drop their prices to make their products more attractive. And this can be a very costly mistake that may lead to the failure of their new business. When you launch a new product or service, your priority should be to get sufficient market adoption as soon as possible and you should be ready to sacrifice your initial prices and profits to achieve this aim. Once you have strong sales volumes, you can increase your prices to maximize your profits.

When scientists make an important new discovery or experimentally prove some hypothesis, they do not, in general, keep that information to themselves so that they alone can consider its meaning and derive additional theories from it. Instead, they publish their results and make their data available for inspection. This makes it possible for other scientists to reconsider their data and possibly refute their conclusions. More important, though, it makes it possible for other scientists to use that data to construct new hypotheses and perform new experiments. The assumption is that society as a whole will end up knowing more if information is spread as widely as possible, rather than being limited to a few people. In a strict sense, all scientists stand on the shoulders of giants . They build directly upon established methodologies, previous theories, and shared data, which ensures that scientific progress is continuous.

When scientists make an important new discovery or experimentally prove some hypothesis, they do not, in general, keep that information to themselves so that they alone can consider its meaning and derive additional theories from it. Instead, they publish their results and make their data available for inspection. This makes it possible for other scientists to reconsider their data and possibly refute their conclusions. More important, though, it makes it possible for other scientists to use that data to construct new hypotheses and perform new experiments. The assumption is that society as a whole will end up knowing more if information is spread as widely as possible, rather than being limited to a few people. In a strict sense, every scientist depends on the work of other scientists.

A particularly powerful way in which human beings adapt and adjust to their circumstances is by changing behaviors in light of the consequences that they yield. For instance, a child who gets praised by her teacher for doing an exercise correctly is likely to continue doing the exercise in that way. A dancer who feels that a particular conditioning exercise is not giving any results is likely to give that exercise up in favor of another one that seems more promising. In general, we tend to do things that bring us some kind of benefit or reward in ways that help us avoid some kind of problem, discomfort, or disadvantage. We also tend to do fewer things (or stop doing things) that lead to problems, discomfort, or disadvantages, and we tend to avoid acting in ways that do not bring any benefit or reward.

A particularly powerful way in which human beings adapt and adjust to their circumstances is by changing behaviors in light of the consequences that they yield. For instance, a child who gets praised by her teacher for doing an exercise correctly is likely to continue doing the exercise in that way. A dancer who feels that a particular conditioning exercise is not giving any results is likely to give that exercise up in favor of another one that seems more promising. In general, we tend to do things that bring us some kind of benefit or act in ways that help us avoid some kind of problem, discomfort, or disadvantage. We also tend to do fewer things (or stop doing things) that lead to problems, discomfort, or disadvantages, and we tend to avoid acting in ways that do not bring any benefit or reward.

We think we're being logical, objective, and rational—and therefore accurate in our analysis, judgment, and decisions. So we think that if other people are logical, objective, and rational, they will agree with us and see what we see. But the opposite is the case. Every human brain is different. Everyone's life experience is different. Everyone's desires and knowledge are different. It's only your interpretation of reality, which will always be different from someone else's. When two nations play each other in the World Cup, the fans of each country criticize the referees for missing all the infractions that the other team commits. Without fail, each fan base believes that the referees are biased against their team.

We think we’re being logical, objective, and rational — and therefore accurate in our analysis, judgment, and decisions. So we think that if other people are logical, objective, and rational, they will agree with us and see what we see. But the opposite is the case. Every human brain is different. Everyone’s life experience is different. Everyone’s desires and knowledge are different. You might think you’re being realistic — that is, that your ideas match reality, but that’s impossible. It’s only your interpretation of reality, which will always be different from someone else’s. When two nations play each other in the World Cup, the fans of each country criticize the referees for missing all the infractions that the other team commits. Without fail, each fan base believes that the referees are biased against their team.

When several college students told us they did school work in different places rather than in some favorite nook, that habit reflected the research on learning. Numerous experiments have found that if learners simply study in at least two different places, they are more likely to recall the material. In one of the first such trials, two different groups studied a list of words. Some students returned to the same room twice while their counterparts spent the same amount of time divided between two locations. When asked to recall as many words on the list as possible, those who had moved around did far better. Variety creates rich association, even when those connections form in the background, totally outside of what we are consciously thinking.

Do you always study in the same spot? Don't. If you study in different places, that helps create variety, and that rich experience can reinforce what you are learning. When several college students told us they did school work in different places rather than in some favorite nook, that habit reflected the research on learning. Numerous experiments have found that if learners simply study in at least two different places, they are more likely to recall the material. In one of the first such trials, two different groups studied a list of words. Some students returned to the same room twice while their counterparts spent the same amount of time divided between two locations. When asked to recall as many words on the list as possible, those who had moved around did far better. Variety creates rich association, even when those connections form in the background, totally outside of what we are consciously thinking.

Science is concerned with accumulating and understanding observations of the physical world. That understanding alone solves no problems. Individual people have to act on that understanding for it to help solve problems. For instance, science has found that regular exercise can lower your risk of heart disease. Knowing this fact is interesting, but it will do nothing for your personal health unless you act on it and actually exercise. And that's the hard part. Reading an article about exercise is easy. Getting into an actual routine of regular exercise is harder. In this sense, science really solves no problems at all. Problems are only solved when people take the knowledge provided by science and use it. In fact, many of humanity's biggest problems are caused by lack of knowledge.

Science is concerned with accumulating and understanding observations of the physical world. That understanding alone solves no problems. Individual people have to act on that understanding for it to help solve problems. For instance, science has found that regular exercise can lower your risk of heart disease. Knowing this fact is interesting, but it will do nothing for your personal health unless you act on it and actually exercise. And that’s the hard part. Reading an article about exercise is easy. Getting into an actual routine of regular exercise is harder. In this sense, science really solves no problems at all. Problems are only solved when people take the knowledge provided by science and use it. In fact, many of humanity’s biggest problems are caused by lack of action, and not lack of knowledge.

Talking about what something smells like is the most basic way of talking about our olfactory experience, and even this most basic way of talking about smells is challenging. There are no words in the English language to describe smells in the same way in which "blue" or "green" describe colors. Instead, to talk about how something smells, we talk about the source of the odor. Things smell "flowery," "fruity," or "fishy." Furthermore, even the most familiar odors are difficult to identify when they are not experienced in their usual context. In one experiment the majority of participants was unable to name very common odors like beer, urine, roses, or motor oil. Obviously, even those who couldn't name any of these odors would drink the beer but not the urine or the motor oil. This is how evolution has shaped our brain: We respond to odors correctly in many different ways, but we are not well-equipped to talk about them.

Talking about what something smells like is the most basic way of talking about our olfactory experience, and even this most basic way of talking about smells is challenging. There are no words in the English language to describe smells in the same way in which "blue" or "green" describe colors. Instead, to talk about how something smells, we talk about the source of the odor. Things smell "flowery," "fruity," or "fishy." Furthermore, even the most familiar odors are difficult to identify when they are not experienced in their usual context. In one experiment the majority of participants was unable to name very common odors like beer, urine, roses, or motor oil. Obviously, even those who couldn't name any of these odors would drink the beer but not the urine or the motor oil. This is how evolution has shaped our brain: We respond to odors correctly in many different ways, but we are not well-equipped to talk about them.

Online Share of Retail Trade in Selected European Countries in 2018 and 2019 (%) Country 2018 2019 United Kingdom 17.8 19.2 Netherlands 9.1 15.3 Germany 14.2 15.1 Spain 4.8 7.8 Italy 3.4 5.9

The graph above shows the online share of retail trade in selected European countries in 2018 and 2019. In 2019, the United Kingdom recorded the highest online share of retail trade, reaching 19.2 percent. The Netherlands showed the largest increase in its online share of retail trade among the countries from 2018 to 2019, with a jump of over 6 percentage points. In 2018, Germany had a higher online share of retail trade than the Netherlands, whereas, in 2019, Germany fell behind the Netherlands. In 2018, Germany’s online share of retail trade was higher than that of Spain. Among the five countries, Italy recorded the lowest online share of retail trade in both 2018 and 2019.

Many AI programs are open to the public, which means they can be used freely and conveniently. However, these programs have sparked a debate over their impact on humans. Since AI has the potential to learn skills and perform them better than humans, some people view it as a threat. They worry that AI will replace humans in more and more areas. There are also concerns that AI may imitate the styles of human artists without their consent. On the other hand, others think that AI cannot exceed human imagination and that it is still dependent on human assistance. This is because the data that AI uses can have flaws or limitations. A dependence on imperfect data with little diversity eventually limits the output of AI programs. Human imagination, on the other hand, has no limits or boundaries. What kind of future do you think lies ahead of us? Will more people use AI programs to boost their creativity and productivity? Or will people grow tired of the limitations of AI tools? AI provides many benefits and new opportunities. What we need to do is figure out how to use AI tools ethically and think about how humans and AI can collaborate.

Many AI programs are open to the public, which means they are free and convenient to use. However, these programs have sparked a debate over their impact on humans. Since AI has the potential to learn skills and perform them better than humans, some people view it as a threat. They worry that AI will replace humans in more and more areas. There are also concerns that AI may imitate the styles of human artists without their consent. On the other hand, others think that AI cannot exceed human imagination and that it is still dependent on human assistance.

Approximately 15~20% of global greenhouse gas emissions are caused by degradation and deforestation. Trees play a huge role in the carbon cycle. They convert the CO₂ in the air to oxygen through the process of photosynthesis, and consequently, they are viewed as a natural regulator of carbon dioxide. The existence of a larger amount of trees will no doubt lead to the reduced presence of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and the increased existence of oxygen. Unfortunately, deforestation is preventing this process from being fully accomplished. And with half of the Earth's forests gone, the amount of carbon dioxide is progressively rising. With more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, more of the sun's radiation is being reflected back to Earth instead of being released into space, and this is causing the planet's average temperature to rise. Accordingly, deforestation is a major issue when it comes to global warming.

Approximately 15-20% of global greenhouse gas emissions are caused by degradation and deforestation. Trees play a huge role in the carbon cycle. They convert the CO2 in the air to oxygen through the process of photosynthesis, and consequently, they are viewed as a natural regulator of carbon dioxide. The existence of a larger amount of trees will no doubt lead to the reduced presence of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and the increased existence of oxygen. Unfortunately, deforestation is preventing this process from being fully accomplished. And with half of the Earth's forests gone, the amount of carbon dioxide is progressively rising. With more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, more of the sun's radiation is being reflected back to Earth instead of being released into space, and this is causing the planet's average temperature to rise. Accordingly, deforestation is a major issue when it comes to global warming.

A viewfinder is a piece of card with a hole cut through it in the middle, which can be used to isolate a part of a picture or object. It allows us to concentrate on one small part or area without being distracted by the whole of what can be seen. It is a useful tool that can help children focus or organise their observation and drawing. It can support children by giving a boundary to what they are looking at and it can help children who find it hard to keep track of where and what they are looking at, by bringing them back to the same area each time they look and look back. When you are making viewfinders for children you are supporting, take into consideration the size of the card. You need enough card around the hole block out the rest of the visual information from the child's field of vision, but it should not be too big and unwieldy.

A viewfinder is a piece of card with a hole cut through it in the middle, which can be used to isolate a part of a picture or object. It allows us to concentrate on one small part or area without being distracted by the whole of what can be seen. It is a useful tool that can help children focus or organise their observation and drawing. It can support hesitant children by giving a boundary to what they are looking at and it can support children who find it hard to keep track of where and what they are looking at, by bringing them back to the same area each time they look and look back. When you are making viewfinders for use with the children you are supporting, take into consideration the size of the card. You need enough card around the hole to block out the rest of the visual information from the child's field of vision, but it should not be too big and unwieldy.

Let's look at what is occurring in your brain when scrolling on social media, a quick dopamine activity. You open your social media apps and immediately you notice you feel really good. Your dopamine levels increase incredibly fast and pleasure is experienced in your brain. The challenge this creates is as with everything in our universe; as the laws of physics explain, 'what goes up, must come down.' Your brain and body are always seeking balance . With this in mind, when dopamine levels spike rapidly during social media scrolling, the brain recognizes this sudden surge and automatically attempts to reinforce it. In order to restore homeostasis, the dopamine level is forced to decrease sharply below your baseline. Consequently, you end up feeling more miserable than before you opened the app.

Let's look at what is occurring in your brain when scrolling on social media, a quick dopamine activity. You open your social media apps and immediately you notice you feel really good, your dopamine levels increase incredibly fast and pleasure is experienced in your brain. The challenge this creates is as with everything in our universe: as the laws of physics explain, 'what goes up, must come down'. Your brain and body are always seeking something called 'homeostasis', which simply means balance. With this in mind, when dopamine levels increase incredibly fast when scrolling social media, the brain then thinks, 'Wow, how are my dopamine levels so high?' In order to achieve homeostasis, or balance, the dopamine then has to quickly drop an equal amount below your baseline level in order to rebalance, making you feel even worse than before you started scrolling.

There is a natural assumption of truth, or a truth bias when humans communicate with one another. In other words, when we're listening to others or reading their words, our automatic assumption is that the other person is telling the truth. This usually works out fine. If you ask someone where the restroom is located or if it's raining outside, you can safely assume that most people will not lie in their responses. Imagine how difficult it would be to converse with someone if you assumed that everything they were telling you was false ! Indeed, questioning the truth of a statement and then choosing not to believe it requires additional mental steps. For the most part, humans are 'cognitive misers ,' which means we typically don't expend more mental effort than seems necessary in a given situation. It makes sense then, that when we see something online, even if it is fake, our default is to doubt it, at least at first.

There is a natural assumption of truth, or a truth bias when humans communicate with one another. In other words, when we’re listening to others or reading their words, our automatic assumption is that the other person is telling the truth. This usually works out fine. If you ask someone where the restroom is located or if it’s raining outside, you can safely assume that most people will not lie in their responses. Imagine how difficult it would be to converse with someone if you assumed that everything they were telling you was false! Indeed, questioning the truth of a statement and then choosing not to believe it requires additional mental steps. For the most part, humans are “cognitive misers,” which means we typically don’t expend more mental effort than seems necessary in a given situation. It makes sense then, that when we see something online, even if it is fake, our default is to believe it, at least at first.

People often ask me, "What surprises you most about habits?" One thing that continually astonishes me is the degree to which we're influenced by sheer convenience. The amount of effort, time, or decision making required by an action has a huge influence on habit formation. To a truly remarkable extent, we're more likely to do something if it's convenient, and less likely if it's not. For this reason, if we don't want to make any activity into a habit, we should ▢ . Moving a smartphone charger to the living room makes late-night screen time less accessible, helping to prevent delayed sleep. Many people report that they do a much better job of avoiding impulse shopping by adding complex verification steps to their online payments.

People often ask me, “What surprises you most about habits?” One thing that continually astonishes me is the degree to which we’re influenced by sheer convenience. The amount of effort, time, or decision making required by an action has a huge influence on habit formation. To a truly remarkable extent, we’re more likely to do something if it’s convenient, and less likely if it’s not. For this reason, we should pay close attention to the convenience of any activity we want to make into a habit. Putting a wastebasket next to our front door made mail sorting slightly more convenient, and I stopped procrastinating with this chore. Many people report that they do a much better job of staying close to distant family members now that tools like group chats make it easy to stay in touch.

In the 1930s, the British psychologist Sir Frederic Bartlett asked people to listen to folktales from other countries and then recall these stories at a later date. As you might guess, unfamiliar stories were not remembered as well as familiar stories. Surprisingly, however, errors in memory were not random. Rather, subjects often rewrote similar parts of the stories in their own minds—particularly the parts that made the least sense to them. Bartlett concluded that when facing problems, humans draw upon mental schemata, or shelves of stored knowledge in our brains, to fill in any minor gaps in our memories. This is exactly why memories can shift over time and why different people can remember the exact same situation in completely different ways. Therefore, remembering is ▢ .

In the 1930s, the British psychologist Sir Frederic Bartlett asked people to listen to folktales from other countries and then recall these stories at a later date. As you might guess, unfamiliar stories were not remembered as well as familiar stories. Surprisingly, however, errors in memory were not random. Rather, subjects often rewrote similar parts of the stories in their own minds — particularly the parts that made the least sense to them. Bartlett concluded that when facing problems, humans draw upon mental schemata, or shelves of stored knowledge in our brains, to fill in any minor gaps in our memories. Therefore, remembering is an imaginative process that involves building upon past experiences.

But that's not what archaeologists see: some civilizations end suddenly, like the Aztec and Inca, conquered by invaders in the 1520s AD. History, people often say, repeats itself. And looking at the historical records of the ancient civilizations, some things do seem to happen again and again. ( ) Civilizations expand, get overextended, and then collapse as in the cases of Rome, which went under in 476 AD, and the British Empire, which fell apart more than a thousand years later in the post-World War II era. ( ) But does history really have to unfold in the exact same pattern every time? ( ) If so, archaeology would be pretty boring; one thing would happen again and again. ( ) Those empires never had the chance to collapse as a result of overexpansion. ( ) So in the case of civilizations, "history repeats itself" seems to be an oversimplification.

History, people often say, repeats itself. And looking at the historical records of the ancient civilizations, some things do seem to happen again and again. Civilizations expand, get overextended, and then collapse as in the cases of Rome, which went under in 476 AD, and the British Empire, which fell apart more than a thousand years later in the post‐World War II era. But is this always the case? If so, archaeology would be pretty boring; one thing would happen again and again. But that’s not what archaeologists see. Some civilizations end suddenly, like the Aztec and Inca, conquered by invaders in the 1520s AD. Those empires never had the chance to collapse as a result of overexpansion. So in the case of civilizations, “history repeats itself” seems to be an oversimplification. 파이널노트

To enhance spontaneous creativity, therefore, one must pay attention to the things that could potentially lead to valuable outcomes. Suppose you have been working on a challenging technological problem for years, and have also been keeping an eye on anything else that might relate to it. ( ) In that case, chances are that creative solutions to the problem could suddenly pop up in your mind when you are relaxed. ( ) Such "eureka moments" (when great insights lead to discovery or invention) often take place at unexpected times. ( ) This does not mean that you must narrow down your interest to one specific topic. ( ) On the contrary, breadth of experience is the key to creativity. ( ) If your experience is limited to a narrow range of topics, then the scope of your imagination will likewise be narrow, which would be harmful to creativity.

Suppose you have been working on the solution to a challenging technological problem for many years. Let's also suppose that you have been paying attention to whatever else you have encountered that might be related to the problem. In that case, chances are that creative solutions to the problem could suddenly pop up in your mind when you are relaxed. Such "eureka moments" (when great insights lead to discovery or invention) often take place at unexpected times. To enhance spontaneous creativity, therefore, one must pay attention to the things that could potentially lead to valuable outcomes. This does not mean that you must narrow down your interest to one specific topic. On the contrary, breadth of experience is the key to creativity. If your experience is limited to a narrow range of topics, then the scope of your imagination will likewise be narrow, which would be harmful to creativity.

It is natural for people to observe happenings and then seek explanations for why those happenings occurred. But sometimes the reasoning is flawed due to one or more misconceptions. (A) For example, in the 1950s statistical data showed that crime rates were the highest in neighborhoods where immigrants were most numerous. Some people used this "co-occurrence" to argue that immigrants were a cause of crime. (B) One of these frequently observed reasoning errors is the ecological fallacy, where an argument claims that there is a causal relationship between two things merely because they occur together, without considering other underlying factors. (C) But a careful analysis of this situation revealed that immigrants were forced to live in neighborhoods where crime rates were already high; they could not afford more expensive housing in safer neighborhoods. Immigrants themselves committed very few of the crimes.

It is natural for people to observe happenings and then seek explanations for why those happenings occurred. But sometimes the reasoning is wrong because of one or more misconceptions. One of these is the ecological fallacy, where an argument claims that there is a causal relationship between two things merely because they occur together. For example, in the 1950s it was found that crime rates were the highest in neighborhoods where immigrants were most numerous. Some people used this “co‐occurrence” to argue that immigrants were a cause of crime. But a careful analysis of this situation revealed that immigrants were forced to live in neighborhoods where crime rates were already high; they could not afford more expensive housing in safer neighborhoods. Immigrants themselves committed very few of the crimes. Unless you analyze the claim carefully, you would misinterpret the relationship and thereby construct a faulty belief.

We go out in the world every day and make decisions about what is safe or not and what is appropriate or not. (A) In other words, we are generally convinced our decisions are "rational," but in reality, most human decisions are made emotionally—then we generate facts to justify them. When we see someone who "feels" dangerous, we have already acted internally before we even start "thinking." (B) When such a device assesses the object, animal, or person to be dangerous, a fear response occurs. On a conscious level, we may correct a mistake in this "danger detector" when we notice it, but often, of course, we simply begin to generate reasons for why it was accurate in the first place. (C) It is what psychologist Joseph LeDoux has suggested is an unconscious "danger detector" that determines whether or not something or someone is safe before we can even begin to consciously make a determination for ourselves.

We go out in the world every day and make decisions about what is safe or not and what is appropriate or not. It is what psychologist Joseph LeDoux has suggested is an unconscious "danger detector" that determines whether or not something or someone is safe before we can even begin to consciously make a determination. When the object, animal, or person is assessed to be dangerous, a fear response, which has been called "fight or flight," occurs. On a conscious level we may correct a mistake in this "danger detector" when we notice it, but often, of course, we simply begin to generate reasons for why it was accurate in the first place. We are generally convinced that our decisions are "rational," but in reality, most human decisions are made emotionally, and then we collect or generate the facts to justify these decisions. When we see something or someone who "feels" dangerous, we have already launched into action internally before we have even started "thinking."

In most respects, humans are one of a relatively small number of species that evolved a very different strategy of investing more energy to reproduce more slowly. Like apes and elephants, we mature at a leisurely pace, grow large bodies, and have few babies but devote much time and energy to raising them well. This unusual strategy succeeds because while apes and elephants produce fewer babies than mice, a larger percentage of their offspring survive to then reproduce. A house mouse can give birth to four to ten pups every two months from as early as five weeks, but the vast majority of her offspring die young. For this reason, medical scientists prefer using mice because studying why they die so early helps us find better ways to live a longer and healthier life. In contrast, a chimp or elephant mother does not reproduce until she is at least twelve years old and has only one infant every five or six years, with more than half of them becoming parents.

In most respects, humans are one of a relatively small number of species that evolved a very different strategy of investing more energy to reproduce more slowly. Like apes and elephants, we mature at a leisurely pace, grow large bodies, and have few babies but devote much time and energy to raising them well. This unusual strategy succeeds because while apes and elephants produce fewer babies than mice, a larger percentage of their offspring survive to then reproduce. A house mouse can become a mother when she is just five weeks old, has four to ten pups per litter, and can have a new litter every two months over the course of her approximately twelve-month life. However, the vast majority of her pups die young. In contrast, a chimp or elephant mother does not reproduce until she is at least twelve years old, and she gives birth to only one infant every five or six years over the next thirty or so years. About half of these offspring make it to becoming parents.

AI image generators create new images based on our text requests by analyzing and copying millions of human-made images and their descriptions. This allows them to create works of art in a short period according to the provided instructions. While they achieve impressive results in various situations, they often lead to an intense controversy over the use of artificial intelligence in the art community. Moreover, AI programs can effortlessly mix the styles of existing images upon request. For example, a user can blend a photograph of a cat with Johannes Vermeer's Girl with a Pearl Earring, creating a new piece that clearly retains the design, eyes, and scarf of the original painting. Ultimately, a simple text instruction is more than enough to generate such a detailed and sophisticated image.

They do this by copying other images that were created by humans. The generators have the ability to analyze millions of images and their corresponding descriptions. This allows them to create works of art in a short time based on the provided instructions. Moreover, AI programs can mix the styles of existing images upon request. For example, you can blend a photograph of a cat with Johannes Vermeer’s Girl with a Pearl Earring. These two images have a few differences. However, the overall design, the eyes, and the scarf around the head are clearly based on Vermeer’s painting. A simple request was enough to create this complex and detailed image.

Imagine following the spirit of a silence vow into daily life. Challenge yourself to spend an entire day saying only what you absolutely must say. It's been widely observed by behavioral psychology experts—and anyone who's ever been on a first date—that we too often tend to treat "conversation" as a game of waiting for our own turn to speak. We miss what's being said because we're mentally rehearsing our next utterance. What if you could eliminate the idea that the next available mini-silence is your next opening to express whatever is in your head? What if you were limited to, say, fifty spoken words tomorrow? I think you'd listen quite carefully. You'd attend quite carefully to every word you heard. You'd be attuned to what you must respond to. You might discover that the less you say, the more you hear and the more you grasp. ↓ We, by (A) the amount of speech, can shift our focus from preparing our own response to attending carefully to what others say, which leads to a deeper (B) .

Imagine following the spirit of a silence vow into daily life. Challenge yourself to spend an entire day saying only what you absolutely must say. It’s been widely observed by behavioral psychology experts — and anyone who’s ever been on a first date — that we too often tend to treat “conversation” as a game of waiting for our own turn to speak. We miss what’s being said because we’re mentally rehearsing our next utterance. What if you could eliminate the idea that the next available mini-silence is your next opening to express whatever is in your head? What if you were limited to, say, fifty spoken words tomorrow? I think you’d listen quite differently. You’d attend quite carefully to every word you heard. You’d be attuned to what you must respond to. You might discover that the less you say, the more you hear.

(A) We're going to talk about exercise and share some useful tips. Let's start with a question about a common experience. If you work out right after dinner and get a stomachache, why does that happen? Well, the problem is that you exercised too soon after eating. This can cause various stomach issues. When you eat, blood rushes to the digestive system to help break down the food and absorb its nutrients. (B) So, does that mean you should exercise on an empty stomach? No, it doesn't. That can also be harmful and unpleasant. This is because the body needs energy to exercise. The fuel that provides this energy is glycogen. Carbohydrates in the food we eat are broken down into a kind of sugar called glucose. When this glucose is stored in parts of the body, such as the muscles and the liver, it is called glycogen, which can easily run out while you sleep. (C) But when you start to exercise, blood moves from the digestive system to your muscles. This process happens in order to supply them with the essential oxygen and nutrients they require for active movement. As a result, the digestion process is paused until the blood returns. So, whether you're lifting weights or going for a jog, you shouldn't do it with a stomach full of food. (D) This is why exercising on a completely empty stomach such as when you first wake up in the morning can be such a challenge. Your blood sugar levels are low, and you don't have enough glycogen stored in your body. If you exercise on an empty stomach, you will most likely lack energy and feel unusually tired. Some people end up suffering from nausea and headaches, and others even faint.

Host: Welcome back to Today’s Health. Today we’re going to be talking about exercise. Dr. Victoria Hill is here, and she is going to share some useful tips. So, Dr. Hill, let’s start with a question about my experience last month. I worked out right after dinner and got a stomachache. Why did that happen? Dr. Hill: Well, the problem is that you exercised too soon after eating. This can cause various stomach issues. When you eat, blood rushes to the digestive system to help break down the food and absorb its nutrients. But when you start to exercise, blood moves from the digestive system to your muscles. This happens in order to supply your muscles with the oxygen and nutrients they require. As a result, the digestion process is paused until the blood returns. So, whether you’re lifting weights or going for a jog, you shouldn’t do it with a stomach full of food. Host: I see. That makes sense. So, does that mean I should exercise on an empty stomach? Dr. Hill: No, it doesn’t. That can also be harmful and unpleasant. This is because the body needs energy to exercise. The fuel that provides this energy is glycogen. Carbohydrates in the food we eat are broken down into a kind of sugar called glucose. When this glucose is stored in parts of the body, such as the muscles and the liver, it is called glycogen. This is why exercising on a completely empty stomach—such as when you first wake up in the morning— can be such a challenge. Your blood sugar levels are low, and you don’t have enough glycogen stored in your body. If you exercise on an empty stomach, you will most likely lack energy and feel unusually tired. There can also be more serious outcomes. Some people end up suffering from nausea and headaches, and others even faint. This is because intense exercise uses up all the glycogen in your muscles. Host: So, is it the loss of glycogen that causes us to have low levels of energy? Dr. Hill: That’s correct. For this reason, doctors recommend that people eat food containing carbohydrates within thirty minutes after working out. This replaces the muscle glycogen you have lost. Basically, you need between one and one and a half grams of carbohydrates for every kilogram you weigh. Let’s do the math. If you weigh 60 kilograms, you should try to consume between 60 and 90 grams of carbohydrates after you exercise. This is equal to about one bowl of white rice or three bananas. Host: That’s very interesting. But what about eating before we exercise? Can you explain how long we should wait after eating? Dr. Hill: Well, as I said before, exercising right after you eat will cause feelings of discomfort. But, if you wait too long to exercise after eating, you’ll suffer from a lack of energy. The best time to eat before you exercise varies from one to three hours. Basically, it depends on several factors such as the type and amount of food as well as body size, age, and gender. The type of exercise also matters. For extremely active exercise like cycling, I suggest that you wait between one and a half and three hours after eating a moderate-sized meal. But for something more casual, such as golfing, waiting for one hour after a meal should be enough. Clearly, you can wait less after eating a snack. Host: Thank you very much for this fascinating information, Dr. Hill. I’m sure it will be very helpful for all of our viewers. 파이널노트

식후 곧바로 운동하면 소화에 쓰일 혈액이 근육으로 빠져나가 소화가 멈추고 복통이 생긴다. 반대로 완전한 빈속(예: 아침 기상 직후)에 운동하면 혈당·글리코겐이 부족해 무기력·메스꺼움·실신까지 올 수 있다. 즉 식후 즉시 도, 완전한 빈속 도 피하라는 것이 핵심.

Host: Welcome back to Today’s Health. Today we’re going to be talking about exercise. Dr. Victoria Hill is here, and she is going to share some useful tips. So, Dr. Hill, let’s start with a question about my experience last month. I worked out right after dinner and got a stomachache. Why did that happen? Dr. Hill: Well, the problem is that you exercised too soon after eating. This can cause various stomach issues. When you eat, blood rushes to the digestive system to help break down the food and absorb its nutrients. But when you start to exercise, blood moves from the digestive system to your muscles. This happens in order to supply your muscles with the oxygen and nutrients they require. As a result, the digestion process is paused until the blood returns. So, whether you’re lifting weights or going for a jog, you shouldn’t do it with a stomach full of food. Host: I see. That makes sense. So, does that mean I should exercise on an empty stomach? Dr. Hill: No, it doesn’t. That can also be harmful and unpleasant. This is because the body needs energy to exercise. The fuel that provides this energy is glycogen. Carbohydrates in the food we eat are broken down into a kind of sugar called glucose. When this glucose is stored in parts of the body, such as the muscles and the liver, it is called glycogen. This is why exercising on a completely empty stomach—such as when you first wake up in the morning— can be such a challenge. Your blood sugar levels are low, and you don’t have enough glycogen stored in your body. If you exercise on an empty stomach, you will most likely lack energy and feel unusually tired. There can also be more serious outcomes. Some people end up suffering from nausea and headaches, and others even faint. This is because intense exercise uses up all the glycogen in your muscles. Host: So, is it the loss of glycogen that causes us to have low levels of energy? Dr. Hill: That’s correct. For this reason, doctors recommend that people eat food containing carbohydrates within thirty minutes after working out. This replaces the muscle glycogen you have lost. Basically, you need between one and one and a half grams of carbohydrates for every kilogram you weigh. Let’s do the math. If you weigh 60 kilograms, you should try to consume between 60 and 90 grams of carbohydrates after you exercise. This is equal to about one bowl of white rice or three bananas. Host: That’s very interesting. But what about eating before we exercise? Can you explain how long we should wait after eating? Dr. Hill: Well, as I said before, exercising right after you eat will cause feelings of discomfort. But, if you wait too long to exercise after eating, you’ll suffer from a lack of energy. The best time to eat before you exercise varies from one to three hours. Basically, it depends on several factors such as the type and amount of food as well as body size, age, and gender. The type of exercise also matters. For extremely active exercise like cycling, I suggest that you wait between one and a half and three hours after eating a moderate-sized meal. But for something more casual, such as golfing, waiting for one hour after a meal should be enough. Clearly, you can wait less after eating a snack. Host: Thank you very much for this fascinating information, Dr. Hill. I’m sure it will be very helpful for all of our viewers. 파이널노트

식후 운동은 위장 문제를 유발한다 · 섭취한 탄수화물은 분해되어 포도당이 된다 · 운동 시 근육은 혈류로 산소·영양분을 공급받는다 · 운동을 시작하면 혈액이 근육으로 이동해 소화 과정이 (혈액이 돌아올 때까지) 멈춘다 · 빈속 운동 시 무기력·메스꺼움·실신이 올 수 있다.

Host: Welcome back to Today’s Health. Today we’re going to be talking about exercise. Dr. Victoria Hill is here, and she is going to share some useful tips. So, Dr. Hill, let’s start with a question about my experience last month. I worked out right after dinner and got a stomachache. Why did that happen? Dr. Hill: Well, the problem is that you exercised too soon after eating. This can cause various stomach issues. When you eat, blood rushes to the digestive system to help break down the food and absorb its nutrients. But when you start to exercise, blood moves from the digestive system to your muscles. This happens in order to supply your muscles with the oxygen and nutrients they require. As a result, the digestion process is paused until the blood returns. So, whether you’re lifting weights or going for a jog, you shouldn’t do it with a stomach full of food. Host: I see. That makes sense. So, does that mean I should exercise on an empty stomach? Dr. Hill: No, it doesn’t. That can also be harmful and unpleasant. This is because the body needs energy to exercise. The fuel that provides this energy is glycogen. Carbohydrates in the food we eat are broken down into a kind of sugar called glucose. When this glucose is stored in parts of the body, such as the muscles and the liver, it is called glycogen. This is why exercising on a completely empty stomach—such as when you first wake up in the morning— can be such a challenge. Your blood sugar levels are low, and you don’t have enough glycogen stored in your body. If you exercise on an empty stomach, you will most likely lack energy and feel unusually tired. There can also be more serious outcomes. Some people end up suffering from nausea and headaches, and others even faint. This is because intense exercise uses up all the glycogen in your muscles. Host: So, is it the loss of glycogen that causes us to have low levels of energy? Dr. Hill: That’s correct. For this reason, doctors recommend that people eat food containing carbohydrates within thirty minutes after working out. This replaces the muscle glycogen you have lost. Basically, you need between one and one and a half grams of carbohydrates for every kilogram you weigh. Let’s do the math. If you weigh 60 kilograms, you should try to consume between 60 and 90 grams of carbohydrates after you exercise. This is equal to about one bowl of white rice or three bananas. Host: That’s very interesting. But what about eating before we exercise? Can you explain how long we should wait after eating? Dr. Hill: Well, as I said before, exercising right after you eat will cause feelings of discomfort. But, if you wait too long to exercise after eating, you’ll suffer from a lack of energy. The best time to eat before you exercise varies from one to three hours. Basically, it depends on several factors such as the type and amount of food as well as body size, age, and gender. The type of exercise also matters. For extremely active exercise like cycling, I suggest that you wait between one and a half and three hours after eating a moderate-sized meal. But for something more casual, such as golfing, waiting for one hour after a meal should be enough. Clearly, you can wait less after eating a snack. Host: Thank you very much for this fascinating information, Dr. Hill. I’m sure it will be very helpful for all of our viewers. 파이널노트

A classical ideal of truth and knowledge is the concept of a market for ideas: as thinking individuals, we encounter competing ideas, we evaluate them for their best fit to reality, and then let the best facts form the basis of our beliefs. That would be the scientist's way. But in practice, most of the time we are in a market for justifications. Usually we already know what we believe. What we seek are statements to justify those beliefs—the lawyer's way. By treating it with greater respect, we can ▢ .

A classical ideal of truth and knowledge is the concept of a market for ideas: as thinking individuals, we encounter competing ideas, we evaluate them for their best fit to reality, and then let the best and brightest facts form the basis of our beliefs. That would be the scientist's way, in theory at least. But in practice, most of the time we are in a market for justifications. We shop for words not because they contain ideas, but because they contain stories about ideas. Often we are not seeking statements as facts to help us figure out what we should believe. Usually we already know what we believe. What we seek are statements to justify those beliefs—the lawyer's way. Language might be good for this function but we can use it to do better. By treating language with greater respect, we can achieve more than simple self-defense.